Pesticidal compositions

ABSTRACT

The invention disclosed in this document is related to field of pesticides and their use in controlling pests.

This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application Ser.No. 60/997,571 filed on Oct. 4, 2007. This application also claims thebenefit of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/210,621 filed on Sep. 15,2008, now allowed. These applications are hereby incorporated byreference. The invention disclosed in this document is related to fieldof pesticides and their use in controlling pests.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION Background of the Invention

Pests cause millions of human deaths around the world each year.Furthermore, there are more than ten thousand species of pests thatcause losses in agriculture. These agricultural losses amount tobillions of U.S. dollars each year. Termites cause damage to variousstructures such as homes. These termite damage losses amount to billionsof U.S. dollars each year. As final note, many stored food pests eat andadulterate stored food. These stored food losses amount to billions ofU.S. dollars each year, but more importantly, deprive people of neededfood.

There is an acute need for new pesticides. Insects are developingresistance to pesticides in current use. Hundreds of insect species areresistant to one or more pesticides. The development of resistance tosome of the older pesticides, such as DDT, the carbamates, and theorganophosphates, is well known. But resistance has even developed tosome of the newer pesticides. Therefore, a need exists for newpesticides and particularly for pesticides that have new modes ofaction.

The examples given for the substituents are (except for halo)non-exhaustive and must not be construed as limiting the inventiondisclosed in this document.

“alkoxy” means an alkyl further consisting of a carbon-oxygen singlebond, for example, methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, isopropoxy, 1-butoxy,2-butoxy, isobutoxy, tert-butoxy, pentoxy, 2-methylbutoxy,1,1-dimethylpropoxy, hexoxy, heptoxy, octoxy, nonoxy, and decoxy.

“alkyl” means an acyclic, saturated, branched or unbranched, substituentconsisting of carbon and hydrogen, for example, methyl, ethyl, propyl,isopropyl, 1-butyl, 2-butyl, isobutyl, tert-butyl, pentyl,2-methylbutyl, 1,1-dimethylpropyl, hexyl, heptyl, octyl, nonyl, anddecyl.

“alkylthio” means an alkyl further consisting of a carbon-sulfur singlebond, for example meththio and ethylthio.

“aryl” means a cyclic, aromatic substituent consisting of hydrogen andcarbon, for example, phenyl, naphthyl, and biphenylyl.

“halo” means fluoro, chloro, bromo, and iodo.

“haloalkoxy” means an alkoxy further consisting of, from one to themaximum possible number of, identical or different, halos, for example,fluoromethoxy, difluoromethoxy, and trifluoromethoxy.

“haloalkyl” means an alkyl further consisting of, from one to themaximum possible number of, identical or different, halos, for example,fluoromethyl, difluoromethyl, trifluoromethyl, 1-fluoromethyl,2-fluoroethyl, 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl, chloromethyl, trichloromethyl, and1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethyl.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The pesticidal compositions comprise a compound having the followingstructure:

wherein

R1 can be hydro or C₁-C₆ alkyl;

R2 can be hydro or C₁-C₆ alkyl;

X can be N or CR11;

Y can be N or CR10;

R3 can be hydro, halo, CN, NO₂, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ alkoxy, C₁-C₆alkylthio, C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, C₁-C₆ haloalkoxy, (C═O)O—C₁-C₆ alkyl, orN(R12)(R13);

R4 can be hydro, halo, CN, NO₂, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ alkoxy, C₁-C₆alkylthio, C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, C₁-C₆ haloalkoxy, (C═O)O—C₁-C₆ alkyl, orN(R12)(R13);

R5 can be hydro, halo, CN, NO₂, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ alkoxy, C₁-C₆alkylthio, C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, C₁-C₆ haloalkoxy, (C═O)O—C₁-C₆ alkyl, orN(R12)(R13);

R6 can be hydro, halo, CN, NO₂, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ alkoxy, C₁-C₆alkylthio, C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, C₁-C₆ haloalkoxy, (C═O)O—C₁-C₆ alkyl, orN(R12)(R13);

R7 can be hydro, halo, CN, NO₂, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ alkoxy, C₁-C₆alkylthio, C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, C₁-C₆ haloalkoxy, (C═O)O—C₁-C₆ alkyl,N(R12)(R13), O—S(═O)_(n)—C₁-C₆ haloalkyl (where n=0-2), S(═O)_(n)—C₁-C₆haloalkyl (where n=0-2), or SO₂N(R12)(R13);

R8 can be hydro, halo, CN, NO₂, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ alkoxy, C₁-C₆alkylthio, C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, C₁-C₆ haloalkoxy, (C═O)O—C₁-C₆ alkyl, orN(R12)(R13);

R9 can be hydro, halo, CN, NO₂, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ alkoxy, C₁-C₆alkylthio, C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, C₁-C₆ haloalkoxy, (C═O)O—C₁-C₆ alkyl, orN(R12)(R13);

R10 can be hydro, halo, CN, NO₂, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ alkoxy, C₁-C₆alkylthio, C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, C₁-C₆ haloalkoxy, (C═O)O—C₁-C₆ alkyl, orN(R12)(R13);

R11 can be hydro, halo, CN, NO₂, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ alkoxy, C₁-C₆alkylthio, C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, C₁-C₆ haloalkoxy, (C═O)O—C₁-C₆ alkyl, orN(R12)(R13);

R12 can be hydro or C₁-C₆ alkyl;

R13 can be hydro or C₁-C₆ alkyl;

with the following provisos:

(a) that compounds where R1 is H, R2 is H, Y is CR10 and R10 is CF₃, Xis CR11 and R11 is NO2, R7 is CF₃, and R9 is NO₂, are excluded;

(b) if Y is N then R5 is not an hydro, halo, or C₁-C₄ alkyl;

(c) if X is CR11 and one of R9 or R11 is NO₂ then Y is not N.

In another embodiment of this invention

R1 can be hydro, methyl, or ethyl;

R2 can be hydro, methyl, or ethyl;

X can be N or CR11;

Y can be N or CR10;

R3 can be hydro, halo, CN, or NO₂;

R4 can be hydro, halo, or C₁-C₂ haloalkyl;

R5 can be hydro, halo, CN, NH₂, C₁-C₂ alkyl, C₁-C₂ alkylthio, or C₁-C₂haloalkyl;

R6 can be hydro;

R7 can be hydro, halo, CN, NO₂, C₁-C₆ alkoxy, C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, orSO₂NH₂;

R8 can be hydro, NO₂, or NH₂;

R9 can be hydro, halo, or NO₂;

R10 can be hydro, halo, CN, NO₂, or C₁-C₆ haloalkyl;

R11 can be hydro, halo, NO₂, C₁-C₂ alkoxy;

with the following provisos:

(a) that compounds where R1 is H, R2 is H, Y is CR10 and R10 is CF₃, Xis CR11 and R11 is NO₂, R7 is CF₃, and R9 is NO₂, are excluded;

(b) if Y is N then R5 is not an hydro, halo, or C₁-C₄ alkyl;

(c) if X is CR11 and one of R9 or R11 is NO₂ then Y is not N.

In another embodiment of this invention

R1 can be hydro, or methyl;

R2 can be hydro;

X can be N or CR11;

Y can be N or CR10;

R3 can be hydro, Cl, or CN;

R4 can be hydro, or CF₃;

R5 can be hydro, CF₃, SCH₃, Cl, or CN;

R6 can be hydro;

R7 can be hydro, CF₃, C₁, SO₂NH₂, NO₂, or CN;

R8 can be hydro or NH₂;

R9 can be hydro or Cl;

R10 can be hydro, Cl, or CF₃;

R11 can be hydro, C₁, NO₂, OCH₃;

with the following provisos:

(b) if Y is N then R5 is not an hydro, or halo;

(c) if X is CR11 and one of R9 or R11 is NO₂ then Y is not N.

These provisos are intended to specifically excluded disclosures: JP61-1665 “Pyridylhydrazine derivatives”; DE 19650378 “Preparation ofhydrazino- and azopyrimidines as plant protectants”; and DE 3644799“Nitrophenylaminopyrimidines, procedure for their preparation, and theiruse as agrochemical fungicides”.

In general, these compounds can be made as follows. A solution of:

1. phenyl-hydrazine or pyridyl-hydrazine, having the desiredsubstituents;

2. 2-halopyridine, 4-halopyrimidine, or 6-halopyrimidine, having thedesired substituents; and

3. a solvent such as, for example, ethanol or dimethylformamide;

are mixed together until the reaction is complete. Generally, thetemperature is from about 10° C. to about 100° C., but othertemperatures may be used. Generally, the pressure is atmospheric, buthigher pressures may be used. It is convenient to treat the reactionmixture with a scavenging resin to remove excess hydrazine beforeremoving the solvent under reduced pressure. In the alternative, thereaction mixture can be partitioned between water and dichloromethane,the organic layer can then be dried with sodium sulfate and the solventcan be removed under reduced pressure. When necessary, furtherpurification can be achieved by reversed phase chromatography.

EXAMPLES

The examples are for illustration purposes and are not to be construedas limiting the invention disclosed in this document to only theembodiments disclosed in these examples.

Preparation of4-[N′-(2,6-dichloro-4-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-hydrazino]-2,6-bis-trifluoromethyl-pyrimidine-5-carbonitrile

A solution of 0.32 g (1.16 mmol) of4-chloro-2,6-bis-trifluoromethyl-pyrimidine-5-carbonitrile in 5 mL ofethanol was treated with a solution of 0.44 g (1.80 mmol)2,6-dichloro-4-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-hydrazine in 2 mL ofdichloromethane at room temperature with vigorous stiffing. After 2hours the reaction mixture was partitioned between water anddichloromethane, the organic layer dried over sodium sulfate and thesolvent removed under reduced pressure. The residue was further purifiedby reversed phase chromatography using an 80% acetonitrile and watermixture containing 0.1% phosphoric acid as eluant to yield 0.42 g (75%)of4-[N′-(2,6-dichloro-4-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-hydrazino]-2,6-bis-trifluoromethyl-pyrimidine-5-carbonitrileas an off-white solid: ¹H NMR (CDCl3) δ 8.38 (bs, 1H), 7.60 (s, 2H),7.10 (bs) ppm. LCMS: (ESI) m/z 482 (M-1).

Using the general procedure given above and the information given in thepreparation the following compounds were produced.

# R1 R2 R3 R4 Y R10 R5 X R11 R6 R7 R8 R9 1 H H NO2 H C NO2 H C H H NO2 HH 2 H H NO2 H C NO2 H N \ H NO2 H NO2 3 H H H H C H H C Cl H H H H 4 H HH H C H H C Cl H H NO2 H 5 H H NO2 H C H H N \ H H H NO2 6 H H H H C H HC NO2 H CF3 H NO2 7 H H H H C NO2 NH2 C H H H H H 8 H H CN H C H H C ClH CF3 H Cl 9 H H H CF3 C CN Cl C Cl H CF3 H Cl 10 H H CN H C H CF3 C ClH CF3 H Cl 11 H H CN CF3 N \ CF3 C Cl H CF3 H Cl 12 H H H CF3 C CN Cl CH H Cl H H 13 H H H CF3 C CN Cl C H H OCH3 H H 14 H H H CF3 N \ H C Cl HCF3 H Cl 15 H H CN CF3 N \ CF3 C Cl H H H Cl 16 H H CN CF3 N \ CF3 C ClH CF3 H H 17 H H H Cl N \ SCH3 C Cl H CF3 H Cl 18 H H H Cl N \ SCH3 N \H Cl NH2 Cl 19 H H H Cl N \ SCH3 C H H SO2NH2 H H 20 H H Cl H C CF3 H N\ H Cl NH2 Cl 21 H H Cl H C CF3 H C H H SO2NH2 H H 22 H H H CF3 C H CF3N \ H Cl NH2 Cl 23 H H H CF3 C H CF3 N \ H Cl NH2 Cl 24 H H H CF3 C CNCl N \ H Cl NH2 Cl 25 H H H CF3 C CN Cl C H H SO2NH2 H H 26 H H Cl H CCl Cl N \ H Cl NH2 Cl 27 H H Cl H C Cl Cl C H H SO2NH2 H H 28 H H H H CH CN N \ H Cl NH2 Cl 29 CH3 H CN CF3 N \ CF3 C H H NO2 H H 30 CH3 H CNCF3 N \ CF3 N \ H CN H H 31 H H CN CF3 N \ CF3 C OCH3 H H H H 32 CH3 H HCl N \ SCH3 C H H NO2 H H 33 CH3 H H Cl N \ SCH3 N \ H CN H H 34 H H HCl N \ SCH3 C OCH3 H H H H 35 CH3 H Cl H C CF3 H C H H NO2 H H 36 CH3 HCl H C CF3 H C NO2 H H H H 37 H H Cl H C CF3 H C OCH3 H H H H 38 H H HCF3 C H CF3 C OCH3 H H H H 39 CH3 H H CF3 C CN Cl C H H NO2 H H 40 CH3 HH CF3 C CN Cl C NO2 H CF3 H H 41 CH3 H H CF3 C CN Cl C NO2 H H H H 42CH3 H H CF3 C CN Cl N \ H CN H H 43 H H H CF3 C CN Cl C OCH3 H H H H 44H H Cl H C Cl Cl C OCH3 H H H H 45 H H H CF3 C H CH3 C NO2 H CF3 H NO2

Insecticidal Test Methods

1. Insecticidal Assay for Beet Armyworm Spodoptera exigua:

Objective: To evaluate the insecticidal activity of compounds against S.exigua eggs and early instars through contact and ingestion.

Test unit preparation: A robotic system dispenses 150 microliters offreshly prepared artificial lepidopteran diet into each well of a96-well microtiter plate. The plates are held overnight at 22° C. toallow proper cooling and drying prior to treatment and infestation.

Compound formulation and application: Compounds are formulated indimethyl sulfoxide at 4-micrograms per microliter. A robotic systemautomatically dispenses 2 microliters of each of the compound solutionsinto individual wells of the prepared test units. Each treatment isreplicated 6 times. As part of the application process, a 200 ppmconcentration of the commonly used synergist, piperonyl butoxide isco-applied to each well to increase the sensitivity of this assay. Afterapplication, plates are allowed to dry 5-6 hours in a fume hood. Whendry, the plates are covered with a matching lid and held overnight in asealed container prior to infestation.

Infestation: One day after application, each treated well is infestedwith 3-5, beet armyworm eggs.

Holding and assessment: Once infested, the plates are covered with aclear plastic lid. The plates are then stacked and held in an incubatorat 29° C. After 6 days, each well is examined by means of a microscopefor insecticidal effects.

Results: Compounds 8, 9, 11, 15-18, 20-22, 24-26, and 28-30 exhibitedsignificant insecticidal activity, other compounds were either nottested or did not exhibited significant insecticidal activity.

2. Insecticidal Assay for Tobacco Budworm Heliothis virescens:

Objective: To evaluate the insecticidal activity of compounds against H.virescens eggs and early instars through contact and ingestion.

Test unit preparation: A robotic system dispenses 150 microliters offreshly prepared artificial lepidopteran diet into each well of a96-well microtiter plate. The plates are held overnight at 22° C. toallow proper cooling and drying prior to treatment and infestation.

Compound formulation and application: Compounds are formulated indimethyl sulfoxide at 4-micrograms per microliter. A robotic systemautomatically dispenses 2 microliters of each of the compound solutionsinto individual wells of the prepared test units. Each treatment isreplicated 6 times. As part of the application process, a 200 ppmconcentration of the commonly used synergist, piperonyl butoxide isco-applied to each well to increase the sensitivity of this assay. Afterapplication, plates are allowed to dry 5-6 hours in a fume hood. Whendry, the plates are covered with a matching lid and held overnight in asealed container prior to infestation.

Infestation: One day after application, each treated well is infestedwith 3-5, tobacco budworm eggs.

Holding and assessment: Once infested, the plates are covered with aclear plastic lid. The plates are stacked and held in an incubator at29° C. After 6 days, each well is examined by means of a microscope forinsecticidal effects.

Results: Compounds 8, 9, and 11 exhibited significant insecticidalactivity, other compounds were either not tested or did not exhibitedsignificant insecticidal activity.

3. Insecticidal Assay for Common Fruit Fly Drosophila melanogasterOregon Wild-Type:

Objective: To evaluate the insecticidal activity of compounds againstadult D. melanogaster through contact and ingestion.

Test unit preparation: A robotic system dispenses 250 microliters of anagar solution (2% agar in a 10% aqueous sucrose solution) into each wellof 96-well microtiter plate where it is allowed to gel. The plates areallowed to cool and dry prior to treatment and infestation.

Compound formulation and application: Compounds are formulated inwater:acetone (90:10) diluent at 4-micrograms per microliter. A roboticsystem automatically dispenses 20 microliters of each the formulatedcompound solutions into individual wells of the prepared test units.Each treatment is replicated 3 times. After application, test units areplaced in a fume hood to dry.

Infesting: One day after treatment, each treated cell is infested withcommon fruit fly adults.

Holding and assessment: Once infested, the plates are sealed with aclear plastic lid. The plates are then held at 22° C. After 2 days, eachwell is examined by means of a dissecting microscope for insecticidaleffects.

Results: Compounds 11, 15-16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28-30, 35-37, and 39exhibited significant insecticidal activity, other compounds were eithernot tested or did not exhibited significant insecticidal activity.

4. Insecticidal Assay for Yellow Fever Mosquito Aedes aegypti:

Objective: To evaluate the insecticidal activity of compounds against A.aegypti larvae through contact and ingestion.

Test unit preparation: Empty, 96-well microtiter plates are loaded ontoa robotic dispensing system prior to application.

Formulation and application: Compounds are formulated in dimethylsulfoxide at 4-micrograms per microliter. A robotic system dispenses 1.5microliters of each formulated experimental solution into each well ofan empty, 96-well microtiter plate. Each treatment is replicated 3times.

Infesting: Subsequent to application, recently hatched, mosquito larvaeare suspended in water containing 0.4% mosquito diet (1:3 mix of brewersyeast to liver powder). A robotic system dispenses aliquots of thisaqueous solution containing 5-8 first instar mosquitoes into each wellof the treated plates.

Holding and assessment: After infestation, the plates are covered with amatching clear plastic lid. Infested plates are stacked and held in anincubator at 22° C. for 72 hours. At assessment, cells are examined bymeans of a dissecting microscope for insecticidal effects.

Results: Compounds 11, 14, 16, 20, and 30 exhibited significantinsecticidal activity, other compounds were either not tested or did notexhibited significant insecticidal activity.

5. Insecticidal Assay for Root-Knot Nematode Meloidogyne incognita:

Objective: To evaluate the insecticidal activity of compounds against M.incognita through contact and ingestion.

Test unit preparation: Empty, 96-well microtiter plates are loaded ontoa robotic dispensing system prior to application.

Formulation and application: A robotic system dispenses 25 microlitersof ethanol and 5 micrograms of compound, diluted in dimethyl sulfoxide,into each well of a 96-well flat-bottomed, microtiter plate. There are 3replicates per treatment. The plates are held 24 hours to allow properdrying prior to further preparation and infestation.

Additional test unit preparation and infestation: After drying, 16milligrams of media consisting of 2 parts fine soil and 1 part absorbentpolymer is added to each well of the treated 96-well plates. Once themedia is in place, a 200 microliter aqueous suspension of rootknotnematode eggs is added to each well forming a gelatinous substrate. Intoeach of these wells are distributed 10 foxtail millet Seteria italicaseeds. Following this “planting” an identical plate is sealed to the topof the treated plate to allow space for the millet to grow.

Holding and assessment: Once the lids are in place, the plates are heldat 27° C. and 75% relative humidity under bright indirect lights. After7 days, assessment is made by an examination of each well through adissecting microscope for insecticidal effects.

Results: Compound 11 exhibited significant insecticidal activity, othercompounds were either not tested or did not exhibited significantinsecticidal activity.

6. Insecticidal Assay for Large Milkweed Bug Oncopeltus fasciatus:

Objective: To assess the insecticidal activity of compounds against O.fasciatus through contact and ingestion.

Test unit preparation: A robotic system dispenses 100 microliters offreshly prepared artificial diet into each well of a 96-well microtiterplate. The plates are held overnight at 22° C. to allow proper coolingand drying prior to treatment and infestation.

Compound formulation and application: Compounds are formulated indimethyl sulfoxide at 4-microgram/microliter. A robotic systemautomatically dispenses 2 microliters of each of the experimentalcompound solutions into individual wells of the prepared test units.There are 6 replicates per treatment. After application, plates areallowed to dry 5-6 hours in a fume hood. When dry, the plates arecovered with a matching lid and held overnight in a sealed containerprior to infestation.

Infestation: One day after application, each treated well is infestedwith 3-5 second instar milkweed bugs.

Holding and assessment: Once infested, the plates are covered with aclear plastic lid. The plates are then stacked and held in an incubatorat 29° C. After 6 days, each well is examined by means of a dissectingmicroscope for insecticidal effect.

Results: Compounds 8 and 11 exhibited significant insecticidal activity,other compounds were either not tested or did not exhibited significantinsecticidal activity.

7. Insecticidal Assay for Beet Armyworm Spodoptera exigua:

Objective: To assess the insecticidal activity of compounds against S.exigua, through contact and ingestion.

Test unit preparation: 8 milliliters of lepidopteran diet is dispensedinto one ounce clear plastic portion cups. The diet is allowed to coolbefore storage or use.

Formulation and application: Eight milligrams of technical compound isdissolved in 20 milliliters of 2:1 acetone:tap water diluent to form a400 ppm solution. An aliquot of this solution is also used to prepare a25 parts per million concentration. 250 microliters of each solution isthen pipetted onto the surface the diet in each cup. Each treatment isreplicated 10 times.

Infestation: Once the treated cups have dried, a single second-instarbeet armyworm is placed on the treated diet in each cup.

Holding and assessment: Treated and infested diet cups or are capped andthen held in a chamber at 25° C. and 50% relative humidity. 14-hourslight:10-hours dark. 5 days after infestation the larvae are assessedfor insecticidal effects.

Results: Compounds 9, 11, and 15-16, exhibited significant insecticidalactivity, other compounds were either not tested or did not exhibitedsignificant insecticidal activity.

8. Insecticidal Assay for Tobacco Budworm Heliothis virescens:

Objective: To assess the insecticidal activity of compounds against H.virescens through contact and ingestion.

Test unit preparation: 8 milliliters of lepidopteran diet is dispensedinto one ounce clear plastic portion cups. The diet is allowed to coolbefore storage or use.

Formulation and application: Eight milligrams of technical compound isdissolved in 20 milliliters of 2:1 acetone:tap water diluent to form a400 ppm solution. An aliquot of this solution is also used to prepare a25 parts per million concentration. 250 microliters of each solution isthen pipetted onto the surface the diet in each cup. Each treatment isreplicated 10 times.

Infestation: Once the treated cups have dried, a single second-instartobacco budworm is placed on the treated diet in each cup.

Holding and assessment: Treated and infested diet cups or are capped andthen held in a chamber at 25° C. and 50% relative humidity. 14-hourslight:10-hours dark. 5 days after infestation the larvae are assessedfor insecticidal effects.

Results: Compounds 9, 11, and 15-16 exhibited significant insecticidalactivity, other compounds were either not tested or did not exhibitedsignificant insecticidal activity.

9. Insecticidal Assay for Cabbage Looper Tricoplusia ni:

Objective: To assess the insecticidal activity of compounds against T.ni through contact and ingestion.

Formulation and application: Eight milligrams of technical compound isdissolved in 20 milliliters of 2:1 acetone:tap water diluent to form a400 ppm solution. An aliquot of this solution is also used to prepare a25 parts per million concentration. 3.5 centimeter diameter leaf discscut from cabbage leaves are dipped into each solution until thoroughlywet. Each treatment is replicated 10 times. After air-drying, thetreated discs are placed individually into one-ounce plastic cups.

Infestation: Once the leaf discs have dried, a single second instarcabbage looper is place on the cabbage disc in each cup.

Holding and assessment: Treated and infested cups or are capped and thenheld in a chamber at 25° C. and 50% relative humidity, 14-hourslight:10-hours dark. 5 days after infestation the larvae are assessedfor insecticidal effects.

Results: Compounds 9, 11, and 15-16, exhibited significant insecticidalactivity, other compounds were either not tested or did not exhibitedsignificant insecticidal activity.

10. Insecticidal Assay for Beet Armyworm Spodoptera exigua:

Objective: To assess the insecticidal activity of compounds against S.exigua through contact and ingestion.

Test unit preparation: 128 well bioassay trays are prepared by injectingeach well with approximately 1 milliliter of prepared lepidopteran diet.Trays are allowed to dry prior to use.

Compound formulation and application: A 1 milligram per milliliter,stock solution is prepared for each compound by adding 2 milliliters ofacetone/water diluent (9:1) to a vial containing 2 milligrams oftechnical compound. From this stock solution, additional doses may beproduced through serial dilution. Once the appropriate concentrationshave been prepared, 50 microliters of each solution is applied to thesurface of the diet in each of 8 wells. Upon completing application, thetrays are allowed to dry.

Infestation: Once dry, each well is infested with a single second instarbeet armyworm. The infested wells are sealed with self sticking,ventilated plastic covers.

Holding and assessment: After infestation and sealing, the trays areplaced in a growth chamber at 25 C and 40% relative humidity. 5 daysafter infestation the larvae are assessed for insecticidal effects.

Results: Compounds 9, 11, and 15-16, exhibited significant insecticidalactivity, other compounds were either not tested or did not exhibitedsignificant insecticidal activity.

11. Insecticidal Assay for Corn Earworm Helicoverpa zea:

Objective: To assess the insecticidal activity of compounds against H.zea, through contact and ingestion.

Test unit preparation: 128 well bioassay trays are prepared by injectingeach well with approximately 1 milliliter of prepared lepidopteran diet.Trays are allowed to dry prior to use.

Compound formulation and application: A 1 milligram per milliliter,stock solution is prepared for each compound by adding 2 milliliters ofacetone/water diluent (9:1) to a vial containing 2 milligrams oftechnical compound. From this stock solution, additional doses may beproduced through serial dilution. Once the appropriate concentrationshave been prepared, 50 microliters of each solution is applied to thesurface of the diet in each of 8 wells. Upon completing application, thetrays are allowed to dry.

Infestation: Once dry, each well is infested with a single second instarcorn earworm. Infested wells are sealed with self sticking, ventilatedplastic covers.

Holding and assessment: After infestation and sealing, the trays areplaced in a growth chamber at 25 C and 40% relative humidity. 5 daysafter infestation the larvae are assessed for insecticidal effects.

Results: Compounds 9, 11 and 15-16 exhibited significant insecticidalactivity, other compounds were either not tested or did not exhibitedsignificant insecticidal activity.

12. Insecticidal Assay for German Cockroach Blattella germanica:

Objective: Assessment of the insecticidal activity of compounds againstB. germanica through contact and ingestion.

Test unit preparation: A robotic system dispenses 100 microliters offreshly prepared artificial diet into each well of a 96-well microtiterplate. The plates are held overnight at 22° C. to allow proper coolingand drying prior to treatment and infestation.

Compound formulation and application: Compounds are formulated indimethyl sulfoxide at 4-microgram/microliter. A robotic systemautomatically dispenses 2 microliters of each compound solution intoindividual wells of the prepared test units. Each treatment isreplicated 3 times. After application, plates are allowed to dry 5-6hours in a fume hood. When dry, the plates are covered with a matchinglid and held overnight in a sealed container prior to infestation.

Infestation: One day after application, each treated well is infestedwith 3-5, second instar cockroaches.

Holding and assessment: Once infested, the plates are covered with aclear plastic lid. The plates are stacked and held in an incubator at29° C. After 6 and 13 days respectively, each well is examined by meansof a dissecting microscope for insecticidal effects.

Results: Compound II exhibited significant insecticidal activity, othercompounds were either not tested or did not exhibited significantinsecticidal activity.

13. Insecticidal Assay for Western Tarnished Plant Bug Lygus hesperus:

Objective: Assessment of the insecticidal activity of compounds againstL. hesperus through egg contact and contact/ingestion activity onemergent nymphs.

Test Unit preparation: Female lygus are allowed to oviposit on snow peapods, these pods are then placed in plastic Petri dishes.

Formulation and application: Compounds are dissolved in acetone andfurther dilutes with water containing 0.025% Tween 20. The solutions aresprayed on the Petri dishes and the egg-infested snow pea pods using anairbrush.

Holding and assessment: The Petri dishes are held for 10 days undercontrolled conditions at which time the emerging nymphs are assessed forinsecticidal effects.

Results: Compound 11 exhibited significant insecticidal activity, othercompounds were either not tested or did not exhibited significantinsecticidal activity.

14. Insecticidal Assay for Cotton Aphid Aphis gossypii:

Objective: To assess the insecticidal activity of compounds against A.gossypii through contact and ingestion.

Formulation and application: One (1) milligram of each technicalsynthetic organic compound was dissolved in 1 milliliters of a 90:10acetone:ethanol solvent. This 1 milliliter of chemical solution wasadded to 19 milliliters of distilled water containing 0.05% Tween 20surfactant to produce a 50 parts per million spray solution. A 5 partper million solution was then prepared from the 50 part per millionstock.

Test unit preparation and infestation: One week old ‘Crookneck’ squashplants, trimmed to one cotyledon per plant, are infested with cottonaphids (all life stages). Sections of heavily infested colony squashleaves were placed on the untreated squash cotyledons 16-20 hrs prior tospraying. As the infested sections dried out, the aphids moved to thesucculent plant material. Plants are examined to ensure even infestationprior to application.

Application: The plants are sprayed on both sides of all leaves with ahand-held atomizing sprayer until solutions are completely used. Eachrate is applied with a sweeping action to 4 plants.

Holding and assessment: The plants are allowed to air dry and are thenheld for 3 days in a controlled room at 26° C. and 40% relative humidityprior to grading. 3 days after treatment the aphids are assessed forinsecticidal effects.

Results: Compounds 9, 11, 14, and 26, exhibited significant insecticidalactivity, other compounds were either not tested or did not exhibitedsignificant insecticidal activity.

15. Insecticidal Assay for Green Peach Aphid Myzus persicae:

Objective: To assess the insecticidal activity of compounds against M.persicae through contact and ingestion.

Formulation and application: One (1) milligram of each technicalsynthetic organic compound was dissolved in 1 milliliters of a 90:10acetone:ethanol solvent. This 1 milliliter of chemical solution wasadded to 19 milliliters of distilled water containing 0.05% Tween 20surfactant to produce a 50 parts per million spray solution. A 5 partper million solution was then prepared from the 50 part per millionstock.

Test unit preparation and infestation: Cabbage seedlings, with 2 to 3first true leaves emerged (12 days after planting) are culled to 1 plantper 3 inch pot. Treatments consisted of 4 replicates. Four days prior toapplication, heavily infested colony turnip leaves are shaken above theuntreated plants. Shaking dislodges the aphids and they migrate tosucculent plant material. Plants are examined to ensure even infestationprior to application.

Application: The plants are sprayed on both sides of all leaves with ahand-held atomizing sprayer until solutions are completely used. Eachrate is applied with a sweeping action to 4 plants.

Holding and assessment: The plants are allowed to air dry and are thenheld for 3 days in a controlled room at 26° C. and 40% relativehumidity. 3 days after treatment the aphids are assessed forinsecticidal effects.

Results: Compounds 11 and 14 exhibited significant insecticidalactivity, other compounds were either not tested or did not exhibitedsignificant insecticidal activity.

Acid & Salt Derivatives, and Solvates

The compounds disclosed in this invention can be in the form ofpesticidally acceptable acid addition salts.

By way of non-limiting example, an amine function can form salts withhydrochloric, hydrobromic, sulfuric, phosphoric, acetic, benzoic,citric, malonic, salicylic, malic, fumaric, oxalic, succinic, tartaric,lactic, gluconic, ascorbic, maleic, aspartic, benzenesulfonic,methanesulfonic, ethanesulfonic, hydroxymethanesulfonic, andhydroxyethanesulfonic, acids.

Additionally, by way of non-limiting example, an acid function can formsalts including those derived from alkali or alkaline earth metals andthose derived from ammonia and amines. Examples of preferred cationsinclude sodium, potassium, magnesium, and aminium cations.

The salts are prepared by contacting the free base form with asufficient amount of the desired acid to produce a salt. The free baseforms may be regenerated by treating the salt with a suitable diluteaqueous base solution such as dilute aqueous NaOH, potassium carbonate,ammonia, and sodium bicarbonate.

As an example, in many cases, a pesticide is modified to a more watersoluble form e.g. 2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid dimethyl amine salt isa more water soluble form of 2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid a wellknown herbicide.

The compounds disclosed in this invention can also form stable complexeswith solvent molecules that remain intact after the non-complexedsolvent molecules are removed from the compounds. These complexes areoften referred to as “solvates”.

Stereoisomers

Certain compounds disclosed in this invention can exist as one or morestereoisomers. The various stereoisomers include geometric isomers,diastereomers, and enantiomers. Thus, the compounds disclosed in thisinvention include racemic mixtures, individual stereoisomers, andoptically active mixtures.

It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that one stereoisomermay be more active than the others. Individual stereoisomers andoptically active mixtures may be obtained by selective syntheticprocedures, by conventional synthetic procedures using resolved startingmaterials, or by conventional resolution procedures.

Pests

In another embodiment, the invention disclosed in this document can beused to control pests.

In another embodiment, the invention disclosed in this document can beused to control pests of the Phylum Nematoda.

In another embodiment, the invention disclosed in this document can beused to control pests of the Phylum Arthropoda.

In another embodiment, the invention disclosed in this document can beused to control pests of the Subphylum Chelicerata.

In another embodiment, the invention disclosed in this document can beused to control pests of the Class Arachnida.

In another embodiment, the invention disclosed in this document can beused to control pests of the Subphylum Myriapoda.

In another embodiment, the invention disclosed in this document can beused to control pests of the Class Symphyla.

In another embodiment, the invention disclosed in this document can beused to control pests of the Subphylum Hexapoda.

In another embodiment, the invention disclosed in this document can beused to control pests of the Class Insecta.

In another embodiment, the invention disclosed in this document can beused to control Coleoptera (beetles). A non-exhaustive list of thesepests includes, but is not limited to, Acanthoscelides spp. (weevils),Acanthoscelides obtectus (common bean weevil), Agrilus planipennis(emerald ash borer), Agriotes spp. (wireworms), Anoplophora glabripennis(Asian longhorned beetle), Anthonomus spp. (weevils), Anthonomus grandis(boll weevil), Aphidius spp., Apion spp. (weevils), Apogonia spp.(grubs), Ataenius spretulus (Black Turgrass Ataenius), Atomaria linearis(pygmy mangold beetle), Aulacophore spp., Bothynoderes punctiventris(beet root weevil), Bruchus spp. (weevils), Bruchus pisorum (peaweevil), Cacoesia spp., Callosobruchus maculatus (southern cow peaweevil), Carpophilus hemipteras (dried fruit beetle), Cassida vittata,Cerosterna spp, Cerotoma spp. (chrysomeids), Cerotoma trifurcata (beanleaf beetle), Ceutorhynchus spp. (weevils), Ceutorhynchus assimilis(cabbage seedpod weevil), Ceutorhynchus napi (cabbage curculio),Chaetocnema spp. (chrysomelids), Colaspis spp. (soil beetles), Conoderusscalaris, Conoderus stigmosus, Conotrachelus nenuphar (plum curculio),Cotinus nitidis (Green June beetle), Crioceris asparagi (asparagusbeetle), Cryptolestes ferrugineus (rusty grain beetle), Cryptolestespusillus (flat grain beetle), Cryptolestes turcicus (Turkish grainbeetle), Ctenicera spp. (wireworms), Curculio spp. (weevils),Cyclocephala spp. (grubs), Cylindrocpturus adspersus (sunflower stemweevil), Deporaus marginatus (mango leaf-cutting weevil), Dermesteslardarius (larder beetle), Dermestes maculates (hide beetle), Diabroticaspp. (chrysolemids), Epilachna varivestis (Mexican bean beetle),Faustinus cubae, Hylobius pales (pales weevil), Hypera spp. (weevils),Hypera postica (alfalfa weevil), Hyperdoes spp. (Hyperodes weevil),Hypothenemus hampei (coffee berry beetle), Ips spp. (engravers),Lasioderma serricorne (cigarette beetle), Leptinotarsa decemlineata(Colorado potato beetle), Liogenys fuscus, Liogenys suturalis,Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus (rice water weevil), Lyctus spp. (woodbeetles/powder post beetles), Maecolaspis joliveti, Megascelis spp.,Melanotus communis, Meligethes spp., Meligethes aeneus (blossom beetle),Melolontha melolontha (common European cockchafer), Oberea brevis,Oberea linearis, Oryctes rhinoceros (date palm beetle), Oryzaephilusmercator (merchant grain beetle), Oryzaephilus surinamensis (sawtoothedgrain beetle), Otiorhynchus spp. (weevils), Oulema melanopus (cerealleaf beetle), Oulema oryzae, Pantomorus spp. (weevils), Phyllophaga spp.(May/June beetle), Phyllophaga cuyabana, Phyllotreta spp.(chrysomelids), Phynchites spp., Popillia japonica (Japanese beetle),Prostephanus truncates (larger grain borer), Rhizopertha dominica(lesser grain borer), Rhizotrogus spp. (Eurpoean chafer), Rhynchophorusspp. (weevils), Scolytus spp. (wood beetles), Shenophorus spp.(Billbug), Sitona lineatus (pea leaf weevil), Sitophilus spp. (grainweevils), Sitophilus granaries (granary weevil), Sitophilus oryzae (riceweevil), Stegobium paniceum (drugstore beetle), Tribolium spp. (flourbeetles), Tribolium castaneum (red flour beetle), Tribolium confusum(confused flour beetle), Trogoderma variabile (warehouse beetle), andZabrus tenebioides.

In another embodiment, the invention disclosed in this document can beused to control Dermaptera (earwigs).

In another embodiment, the invention disclosed in this document can beused to control Dictyoptera (cockroaches). A non-exhaustive list ofthese pests includes, but is not limited to, Blattella germanica (Germancockroach), Blatta orientalis (oriental cockroach), Parcoblattapennylvanica, Periplaneta americana (American cockroach), Periplanetaaustraloasiae (Australian cockroach), Periplaneta brunnea (browncockroach), Periplaneta fuliginosa (smokybrown cockroach), Pyncoselussuninamensis (Surinam cockroach), and Supella longipalpa (brownbandedcockroach).

In another embodiment, the invention disclosed in this document can beused to control Diptera (true flies). A non-exhaustive list of thesepests includes, but is not limited to, Aedes spp. (mosquitoes), Agromyzafrontella (alfalfa blotch leafminer), Agromyza spp. (leaf miner flies),Anastrepha spp. (fruit flies), Anastrepha suspensa (Caribbean fruitfly), Anopheles spp. (mosquitoes), Batrocera spp. (fruit flies),Bactrocera cucurbitae (melon fly), Bactrocera dorsalis (oriental fruitfly), Ceratitis spp. (fruit flies), Ceratitis capitata (Mediterraneafruit fly), Chrysops spp. (deer flies), Cochliomyia spp. (screwworms),Contarinia spp. (Gall midges), Culex spp. (mosquitoes), Dasineura spp.(gall midges), Dasineura brassicae (cabbage gall midge), Delia spp.,Delia platura (seedcorn maggot), Drosophila spp. (vinegar flies), Fanniaspp. (filth flies), Fannia canicularis (little house fly), Fanniascalaris (latrine fly), Gasterophilus intestinalis (horse bot fly),Gracillia perseae, Haematobia irritans (horn fly), Hylemyia spp. (rootmaggots), Hypoderma lineatum (common cattle grub), Liriomyza spp.(leafminer flies), Liriomyza brassica (serpentine leafminer), Melophagusovinus (sheep ked), Musca spp. (muscid flies), Musca autumnalis (facefly), Musca domestica (house fly), Oestrus ovis (sheep bot fly),Oscinella frit (frit fly), Pegomyia betae (beet leafminer), Phorbiaspp., Psila rosae (carrot rust fly), Rhagoletis cerasi (cherry fruitfly), Rhagoletis pomonella (apple maggot), Sitodiplosis mosellana(orange wheat blossom midge), Stomoxys calcitrans (stable fly), Tabanusspp. (horse flies), and Tipula spp. (crane flies).

In another embodiment, the invention disclosed in this document can beused to control Hemiptera (true bugs). A non-exhaustive list of thesepests includes, but is not limited to, Acrosternum hilare (green stinkbug), Blissus leucopterus (chinch bug), Calocoris norvegicus (potatomind), Cimex hemipterus (tropical bed bug), Cimex lectularius (bed bug),Dagbertus fasciatus, Dichelops furcatus, Dysdercus suturellus (cottonstainer), Edessa meditabunda, Eurygaster maura (cereal bug), Euschistusheros, Euschistus servus (brown stink bug), Helopeltis antonii,Helopeltis theivora (tea blight plantbug), Lagynotomus spp. (stinkbugs), Leptocorisa oratorius, Leptocorisa varicornis, Lygus spp. (plantbugs), Lygus hesperus (western tarnished plant bug), Maconellicoccushirsutus, Neurocolpus longirostris, Nezara viridula (southern greenstink bug), Phytocoris spp. (plant bugs), Phytocoris californicus,Phytocoris relativus, Piezodorus guildingi, Poecilocapsus lineatus(fourlined plant bug), Psallus vaccinicola, Pseudacysta perseae,Scaptocoris castanea, and Triatoma spp. (bloodsucking conenosebugs/kissing bugs).

In another embodiment, the invention disclosed in this document can beused to control Homoptera (aphids, scales, whiteflies, leafhoppers). Anon-exhaustive list of these pests includes, but is not limited to,Acrythosiphon pisum (pea aphid), Adelges spp. (adelgids), Aleurodesproletella (cabbage whitefly), Aleurodicus disperses, Aleurothrixusfloccosus (woolly whitefly), Aluacaspis spp., Amrasca bigutellabigutella, Aphrophora spp. (leafhoppers), Aonidiella aurantii(California red scale), Aphis spp. (aphids), Aphis gossypii (cottonaphid), Aphis pomi (apple aphid), Aulacorthum solani (foxglove aphid),Bemisia spp. (whiteflies), Bemisia argentifolii, Bemisia tabaci(sweetpotato whitefly), Brachycolus noxius (Russian aphid),Brachycorynella asparagi (asparagus aphid), Brevennia rehi, Brevicorynebrassicae (cabbage aphid), Ceroplastes spp. (scales), Ceroplastes rubens(red wax scale), Chionaspis spp. (scales), Chrysomphalus spp. (scales),Coccus spp. (scales), Dysaphis plantaginea (rosy apple aphid), Empoascaspp. (leafhoppers), Eriosoma lanigerum (woolly apple aphid), Iceryapurchasi (cottony cushion scale), Idioscopus nitidulus (mangoleafhopper), Laodelphax striatellus (smaller brown planthopper),Lepidosaphes spp., Macrosiphum spp., Macrosiphum euphorbiae (potatoaphid), Macrosiphum granarium (English grain aphid), Macrosiphum rosae(rose aphid), Macrosteles quadrilineatus (aster leafhopper), Mahanarvafrimbiolata, Metopolophium dirhodum (rose grain aphid), Mictislongicornis, Myzus persicae (green peach aphid), Nephotettix spp.(leafhoppers), Nephotettix cinctipes (green leafhopper), Nilaparvatalugens (brown planthopper), Parlatoria pergandii (chaff scale),Parlatoria ziziphi (ebony scale), Peregrinus maidis (corn delphacid),Philaenus spp. (spittlebugs), Phylloxera vitifoliae (grape phylloxera),Physokermes piceae (spruce bud scale), Planococcus spp. (mealybugs),Pseudococcus spp. (mealybugs), Pseudococcus brevipes (pine applemealybug), Quadraspidiotus perniciosus (San Jose scale), Rhapalosiphumspp. (aphids), Rhapalosiphum maida (corn leaf aphid), Rhapalosiphum padi(oat bird-cherry aphid), Saissetia spp. (scales), Saissetia oleae (blackscale), Schizaphis graminum (greenbug), Sitobion avenae (English grainaphid), Sogatella furcifera (white-backed planthopper), Therioaphis spp.(aphids), Toumeyella spp. (scales), Toxoptera spp. (aphids),Trialeurodes spp. (whiteflies), Trialeurodes vaporariorum (greenhousewhitefly), Trialeurodes abutiloneus (bandedwing whitefly), Unaspis spp.(scales), Unaspis yanonensis (arrowhead scale), and Zulia entreriana.

In another embodiment, the invention disclosed in this document can beused to control Hymenoptera (ants, wasps, and bees). A non-exhaustivelist of these pests includes, but is not limited to, Acromyrrmex spp.,Athalia rosae, Atta spp. (leafcutting ants), Camponotus spp. (carpenterants), Diprion spp. (sawflies), Formica spp. (ants), Iridomyrmex humilis(Argentine ant), Monomorium ssp., Monomorium minumum (little black ant),Monomorium pharaonis (Pharaoh ant), Neodiprion spp. (sawflies),Pogonomyrmex spp. (harvester ants), Polistes spp. (paper wasps),Solenopsis spp. (fire ants), Tapoinoma sessile (odorous house ant),Tetranomorium spp. (pavement ants), Vespula spp. (yellow jackets), andXylocopa spp. (carpenter bees).

In another embodiment, the invention disclosed in this document can beused to control Isoptera (termites). A non-exhaustive list of thesepests includes, but is not limited to, Coptotermes spp., Coptotermescurvignathus, Coptotermes frenchii, Coptotermes formosanus (Formosansubterranean termite), Cornitermes spp. (nasute termites), Cryptotermesspp. (drywood termites), Heterotermes spp. (desert subterraneantermites), Heterotermes aureus, Kalotermes spp. (drywood termites),Incistitermes spp. (drywood termites), Macrotermes spp. (fungus growingtermites), Marginitermes spp. (drywood termites), Microcerotermes spp.(harvester termites), Microtermes obesi, Procornitermes spp.,Reticulitermes spp. (subterranean termites), Reticulitermes banyulensis,Reticulitermes grassei, Reticulitermes flavipes (eastern subterraneantermite), Reticulitermes hageni, Reticulitermes hesperus (westernsubterranean termite), Reticulitermes santonensis, Reticulitermessperatus, Reticulitermes tibialis, Reticulitermes virginicus,Schedorhinotermes spp., and Zootermopsis spp. (rotten-wood termites).

In another embodiment, the invention disclosed in this document can beused to control Lepidoptera (moths and butterflies). A non-exhaustivelist of these pests includes, but is not limited to, Achoea janata,Adoxophyes spp., Adoxophyes orana, Agrotis spp. (cutworms), Agrotisipsilon (black cutworm), Alabama argillacea (cotton leafworm), Amorbiacuneana, Amyelosis transitella (navel orangeworm), Anacamptodesdefectaria, Anarsia lineatella (peach twig borer), Anomis sabulifera(jute looper), Anticarsia gemmatalis (velvetbean caterpillar), Archipsargyrospila (fruittree leafroller), Archips rosana (rose leaf roller),Argyrotaenia spp. (tortricid moths), Argyrotaenia citrana (orangetortrix), Autographa gamma, Bonagota cranaodes, Borbo cinnara (rice leaffolder), Bucculatrix thurberiella (cotton leafperforator), Caloptiliaspp. (leaf miners), Capua reticulana, Carposina niponensis (peach fruitmoth), Chilo spp., Chlumetia transversa (mango shoot borer),Choristoneura rosaceana (obliquebanded leafroller), Chrysodeixis spp.,Cnaphalocerus medinalis (grass leafroller), Colias spp., Conpomorphacramerella, Cossus cossus (carpenter moth), Crambus spp. (Sod webworms),Cydia funebrana (plum fruit moth), Cydia molesta (oriental fruit moth),Cydia nignicana (pea moth), Cydia pomonella (codling moth), Darnadiducta, Diaphania spp. (stem borers), Diatraea spp. (stalk borers),Diatraea saccharalis (sugarcane borer), Diatraea graniosella(southwester corn borer), Earias spp. (bollworms), Earias insulata(Egyptian bollworm), Earias vitella (rough northern bollworm),Ecdytopopha aurantianum, Elasmopalpus lignosellus (lesser cornstalkborer), Epiphysias postruttana (light brown apple moth), Ephestia spp.(flour moths), Ephestia cautella (almond moth), Ephestia elutella(tobbaco moth), Ephestia kuehniella (Mediterranean flour moth), Epimecesspp., Epinotia aporema, Erionota thrax (banana skipper), Eupoeciliaambiguella (grape berry moth), Euxoa auxiliaris (army cutworm), Feltiaspp. (cutworms), Gortyna spp. (stemborers), Grapholita molesta (orientalfruit moth), Hedylepta indicata (bean leaf webber), Helicoverpa spp.(noctuid moths), Helicoverpa armigera (cotton bollworm), Helicoverpa zea(bollworm/corn earworm), Heliothis spp. (noctuid moths), Heliothisvirescens (tobacco budworm), Hellula undalis (cabbage webworm),Indarbela spp. (root borers), Keiferia lycopersicella (tomato pinworm),Leucinodes orbonalis (eggplant fruit borer), Leucoptera malifoliella,Lithocollectis spp., Lobesia botrana (grape fruit moth), Loxagrotis spp.(noctuid moths), Loxagrotis albicosta (western bean cutworm), Lymantriadispar (gypsy moth), Lyonetia clerkella (apple leaf miner), Mahasenacorbetti (oil palm bagworm), Malacosoma spp. (tent caterpillars),Mamestra brassicae (cabbage armyworm), Maruca testulalis (bean podborer), Metisa plana (bagworm), Mythimna unipuncta (true armyworm),Neoleucinodes elegantalis (small tomato borer), Nymphula depunctalis(rice caseworm), Operophthera brumata (winter moth), Ostrinia nubilalis(European corn borer), Oxydia vesulia, Pandemis cerasana (common curranttortrix), Pandemis heparana (brown apple tortrix), Papilio demodocus,Pectinophora gossypiella (pink bollworm), Peridroma spp. (cutworms),Peridroma saucia (variegated cutworm), Perileucoptera coffeella (whitecoffee leafminer), Phthorimaea operculella (potato tuber moth),Phyllocnisitis citrella, Phyllonorycter spp. (leafminers), Pieris rapae(imported cabbageworm), Plathypena scabra, Plodia interpunctella (Indianmeal moth), Plutella xylostella (diamondback moth), Polychrosis viteana(grape berry moth), Prays endocarpa, Prays oleae (olive moth),Pseudaletia spp. (noctuid moths), Pseudaletia unipunctata (armyworm),Pseudoplusia includens (soybean looper), Rachiplusia nu, Scirpophagaincertulas, Sesamia spp. (stemborers), Sesamia inferens (pink rice stemborer), Sesamia nonagrioides, Setora nitens, Sitotroga cerealella(Angoumois grain moth), Sparganothis pilleriana, Spodoptera spp.(armyworms), Spodoptera exigua (beet armyworm), Spodoptera fugiperda(fall armyworm), Spodoptera oridania (southern armyworm), Synanthedonspp. (root borers), Thecla basilides, Thermisia gemmatalis, Tineolabisselliella (webbing clothes moth), Trichoplusia ni (cabbage looper),Tuta absoluta, Yponomeuta spp., Zeuzera coffeae (red branch borer), andZeuzera pyrina (leopard moth).

In another embodiment, the invention disclosed in this document can beused to control Mallophaga (chewing lice). A non-exhaustive list ofthese pests includes, but is not limited to, Bovicola ovis (sheep bitinglouse), Menacanthus stramineus (chicken body louse), and Menopongallinea (common hen house).

In another embodiment, the invention disclosed in this document can beused to control Orthoptera (grasshoppers, locusts, and crickets). Anon-exhaustive list of these pests includes, but is not limited to,Anabrus simplex (Mormon cricket), Gryllotalpidae (mole crickets),Locusta migratoria, Melanoplus spp. (grasshoppers), Microcentrumretinerve (angularwinged katydid), Pterophylla spp. (kaydids),chistocerca gregaria, Scudderia furcata (forktailed bush katydid), andValanga nigricorni.

In another embodiment, the invention disclosed in this document can beused to control Phthiraptera (sucking lice). A non-exhaustive list ofthese pests includes, but is not limited to, Haematopinus spp. (cattleand hog lice), Linognathus ovillus (sheep louse), Pediculus humanuscapitis (human body louse), Pediculus humanus humanus (human body lice),and Pthirus pubis (crab louse),

In another embodiment, the invention disclosed in this document can beused to control Siphonaptera (fleas). A non-exhaustive list of thesepests includes, but is not limited to, Ctenocephalides canis (dog flea),Ctenocephalides felis (cat flea), and Pulex irritans (human flea).

In another embodiment, the invention disclosed in this document can beused to control Thysanoptera (thrips). A non-exhaustive list of thesepests includes, but is not limited to, Frankliniella fusca (tobaccothrips), Frankliniella occidentalis (western flower thrips),Frankliniella shultzei Frankliniella williamsi (corn thrips),Heliothrips haemorrhaidalis (greenhouse thrips), Riphiphorothripscruentatus, Scirtothrips spp., Scirtothrips citri (citrus thrips),Scirtothrips dorsalis (yellow tea thrips), Taeniothripsrhopalantennalis, and Thrips spp.

In another embodiment, the invention disclosed in this document can beused to control Thysanura (bristletails). A non-exhaustive list of thesepests includes, but is not limited to, Lepisma spp. (silverfish) andThermobia spp. (firebrats).

In another embodiment, the invention disclosed in this document can beused to control Acarina (mites and ticks). A non-exhaustive list ofthese pests includes, but is not limited to, Acarapsis woodi (trachealmite of honeybees), Acarus spp. (food mites), Acarus siro (grain mite),Aceria mangiferae (mango bud mite), Aculops spp., Aculops lycopersici(tomato russet mite), Aculops pelekasi, Aculus pelekassi, Aculusschlechtendali (apple rust mite), Amblyomma americanum (lone star tick),Boophilus spp. (ticks), Brevipalpus obovatus (privet mite), Brevipalpusphoenicis (red and black flat mite), Demodex spp. (mange mites),Dermacentor spp. (hard ticks), Dermacentor variabilis (american dogtick), Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (house dust mite), Eotetranycusspp., Eotetranychus carpini (yellow spider mite), Epitimerus spp.,Eriophyes spp., Ixodes spp. (ticks), Metatetranycus spp., Notoedrescati, Oligonychus spp., Oligonychus coffee, Oligonychus ilicus (southernred mite), Panonychus spp., Panonychus citri (citrus red mite),Panonychus ulmi (European red mite), Phyllocoptruta oleivora (citrusrust mite), Polyphagotarsonemun latus (broad mite), Rhipicephalussanguineus (brown dog tick), Rhizoglyphus spp. (bulb mites), Sarcoptesscabiei (itch mite), Tegolophus perseaflorae, Tetranychus spp.,Tetranychus urticae (twospotted spider mite), and Varroa destructor(honey bee mite).

In another embodiment, the invention disclosed in this document can beused to control Nematoda (nematodes). A non-exhaustive list of thesepests includes, but is not limited to, Aphelenchoides spp. (bud and leaf& pine wood nematodes), Belonolaimus spp. (sting nematodes),Criconemella spp. (ring nematodes), Dirofilaria immitis (dog heartwom),Ditylenchus spp. (stem and bulb nematodes), Heterodera spp. (cystnematodes), Heterodera zeae (corn cyst nematode), Hirschmanniella spp.(root nematodes), Hoplolaimus spp. (lance nematodes), Meloidogyne spp.(root knot nematodes), Meloidogyne incognita (root knot nematode),Onchocerca volvulus (hook-tail worm), Pratylenchus spp. (lesionnematodes), Radopholus spp. (burrowing nematodes), and Rotylenchusreniformis (kidney-shaped nematode).

In another embodiment, the invention disclosed in this document can beused to control Symphyla (symphylans). A non-exhaustive list of thesepests includes, but is not limited to, Scutigerella immaculata.

For more detailed information consult “Handbook of Pest Control—TheBehavior, Life Histroy, and Control of Household Pests” by ArnoldMallis, 9^(th) Edition, copyright 2004 by GIE Media Inc.

Mixtures

Some of the pesticides that can be employed beneficially in combinationwith the invention disclosed in this document include, but are notlimited to the following:

1,2 dichloropropane, 1,3 dichloropropene,

abamectin, acephate, acequinocyl, acetamiprid, acethion, acetoprole,acrinathrin, acrylonitrile, alanycarb, aldicarb, aldoxycarb, aldrin,allethrin, allosamidin, allyxycarb, alpha cypermethrin, alpha ecdysone,amidithion, amidoflumet, aminocarb, amiton, amitraz, anabasine, arsenousoxide, athidathion, azadirachtin, azamethiphos, azinphos ethyl, azinphosmethyl, azobenzene, azocyclotin, azothoate,

barium hexafluorosilicate, barthrin, benclothiaz, bendiocarb,benfuracarb, benomyl, benoxafos, bensultap, benzoximate, benzylbenzoate, beta cyfluthrin, beta cypermethrin, bifenazate, bifenthrin,binapacryl, bioallethrin, bioethanomethrin, biopermethrin,bistrifluoron, borax, boric acid, bromfenvinfos, bromo DDT, bromocyclen,bromophos, bromophos ethyl, bromopropylate, bufencarb, buprofezin,butacarb, butathiofos, butocarboxim, butonate, butoxycarboxim,

cadusafos, calcium arsenate, calcium polysulfide, camphechlor,carbanolate, carbaryl, carbofuran, carbon disulfide, carbontetrachloride, carbophenothion, carbosulfan, cartap, chinomethionat,chlorantraniliprole, chlorbenside, chlorbicyclen, chlordane,chlordecone, chlordimeform, chlorethoxyfos, chlorfenapyr, chlorfenethol,chlorfenson, chlorfensulphide, chlorfenvinphos, chlorfluazuron,chlormephos, chlorobenzilate, chloroform, chloromebuform,chloromethiuron, chloropicrin, chloropropylate, chlorphoxim,chlorprazophos, chlorpyrifos, chlorpyrifos methyl, chlorthiophos,chromafenozide, cinerin I, cinerin II, cismethrin, cloethocarb,clofentezine, closantel, clothianidin, copper acetoarsenite, copperarsenate, copper naphthenate, copper oleate, coumaphos, coumithoate,crotamiton, crotoxyphos, cruentaren A &B, crufomate, cryolite,cyanofenphos, cyanophos, cyanthoate, cyclethrin, cycloprothrin,cyenopyrafen, cyflumetofen, cyfluthrin, cyhalothrin, cyhexatin,cypermethrin, cyphenothrin, cyromazine, cythioate,

d-limonene, dazomet, DBCP, DCIP, DDT, decarbofuran, deltamethrin,demephion, demephion O, demephion S, demeton, demeton methyl, demeton O,demeton O methyl, demeton S, demeton S methyl, demeton S methylsulphon,diafenthiuron, dialifos, diamidafos, diazinon, dicapthon,dichlofenthion, dichlofluanid, dichlorvos, dicofol, dicresyl,dicrotophos, dicyclanil, dieldrin, dienochlor, diflovidazin,diflubenzuron, dilor, dimefluthrin, dimefox, dimetan, dimethoate,dimethrin, dimethylvinphos, dimetilan, dinex, dinobuton, dinocap,dinocap 4, dinocap 6, dinocton, dinopenton, dinoprop, dinosam,dinosulfon, dinotefuran, dinoterbon, diofenolan, dioxabenzofos,dioxacarb, dioxathion, diphenyl sulfone, disulfuram, disulfoton,dithicrofos, DNOC, dofenapyn, doramectin,

ecdysterone, emamectin, EMPC, empenthrin, endosulfan, endothion, endrin,EPN, epofenonane, eprinomectin, esfenvalerate, etaphos, ethiofencarb,ethion, ethiprole, ethoate methyl, ethoprophos, ethyl DDD, ethylformate, ethylene dibromide, ethylene dichloride, ethylene oxide,etofenprox, etoxazole, etrimfos, EXD,

famphur, fenamiphos, fenazaflor, fenazaquin, fenbutatin oxide,fenchlorphos, fenethacarb, fenfluthrin, fenitrothion, fenobucarb,fenothiocarb, fenoxacrim, fenoxycarb, fenpirithrin, fenpropathrin,fenpyroximate, fenson, fensulfothion, fenthion, fenthion ethyl,fentrifanil, fenvalerate, fipronil, flonicamid, fluacrypyrim, fluazuron,flubendiamide, flubenzimine, flucofuron, flucycloxuron, flucythrinate,fluenetil, flufenerim, flufenoxuron, flufenprox, flumethrin,fluorbenside, fluvalinate, fonofos, formetanate, formothion,formparanate, fosmethilan, fospirate, fosthiazate, fosthietan,fosthietan, furathiocarb, furethrin, furfural,

gamma cyhalothrin, gamma HCH,

halfenprox, halofenozide, HCH, HEOD, heptachlor, heptenophos,heterophos, hexaflumuron, hexythiazox, HHDN, hydramethylnon, hydrogencyanide, hydroprene, hyquincarb,

imicyafos, imidacloprid, imiprothrin, indoxacarb, iodomethane, IPSP,isamidofos, isazofos, isobenzan, isocarbophos, isodrin, isofenphos,isoprocarb, isoprothiolane, isothioate, isoxathion, ivermectin

jasmolin I, jasmolin II, jodfenphos, juvenile hormone I, juvenilehormone II, juvenile hormone III,

kelevan, kinoprene,

lambda cyhalothrin, lead arsenate, lepimectin, leptophos, lindane,lirimfos, lufenuron, lythidathion,

malathion, malonoben, mazidox, mecarbam, mecarphon, menazon,mephosfolan, mercurous chloride, mesulfen, mesulfenfos, metaflumizone,metam, methacrifos, methamidophos, methidathion, methiocarb,methocrotophos, methomyl, methoprene, methoxychlor, methoxyfenozide,methyl bromide, methyl isothiocyanate, methylchloroform, methylenechloride, metofluthrin, metolcarb, metoxadiazone, mevinphos,mexacarbate, milbemectin, milbemycin oxime, mipafox, mirex, MNAF,monocrotophos, morphothion, moxidectin,

naftalofos, naled, naphthalene, nicotine, nifluridide, nikkomycins,nitenpyram, nithiazine, nitrilacarb, novaluron, noviflumuron,

omethoate, oxamyl, oxydemeton methyl, oxydeprofos, oxydisulfoton,

paradichlorobenzene, parathion, parathion methyl, penfluoron,pentachlorophenol, permethrin, phenkapton, phenothrin, phenthoate,phorate, phosalone, phosfolan, phosmet, phosnichlor, phosphamidon,phosphine, phosphocarb, phoxim, phoxim methyl, pirimetaphos, pirimicarb,pirimiphos ethyl, pirimiphos methyl, potassium arsenite, potassiumthiocyanate, pp′ DDT, prallethrin, precocene I, precocene II, precoceneIII, primidophos, proclonol, profenofos, profluthrin, promacyl,promecarb, propaphos, propargite, propetamphos, propoxur, prothidathion,prothiofos, prothoate, protrifenbute, pyraclofos, pyrafluprole,pyrazophos, pyresmethrin, pyrethrin I, pyrethrin II, pyridaben,pyridalyl, pyridaphenthion, pyrifluquinazon, pyrimidifen, pyrimitate,pyriprole, pyriproxyfen,

quassia, quinalphos, quinalphos, quinalphos methyl, quinothion,quantifies,

rafoxanide, resmethrin, rotenone, ryania,

sabadilla, schradan, selamectin, silafluofen, sodium arsenite, sodiumfluoride, sodium hexafluorosilicate, sodium thiocyanate, sophamide,spinetoram, spinosad, spirodiclofen, spiromesifen, spirotetramat,sulcofuron, sulfuram, sulfluramid, sulfotep, sulfur, sulfuryl fluoride,sulprofos,

tau fluvalinate, tazimcarb, TDE, tebufenozide, tebufenpyrad,tebupirimfos, teflubenzuron, tefluthrin, temephos, TEPP, terallethrin,terbufos, tetrachloroethane, tetrachlorvinphos, tetradifon,tetramethrin, tetranactin, tetrasul, theta cypermethrin, thiacloprid,thiamethoxam, thicrofos, thiocarboxime, thiocyclam, thiodicarb,thiofanox, thiometon, thionazin, thioquinox, thiosultap, thuringiensin,tolfenpyrad, tralomethrin, transfluthrin, transpermethrin, triarathene,triazamate, triazophos, trichlorfon, trichlormetaphos 3, trichloronat,trifenofos, triflumuron, trimethacarb, triprene,

vamidothion, vamidothion, vaniliprole, vaniliprole,

XMC, xylylcarb,

zeta cypermethrin and zolaprofos.

Additionally, any combination of the above pesticides can be used.

The invention disclosed in this document can also be used withherbicides and fungicides, both for reasons of economy and synergy.

The invention disclosed in this document can be used withantimicrobials, bactericides, defoliants, safeners, synergists,algaecides, attractants, desiccants, pheromones, repellants, animaldips, avicides, disinfectants, semiochemicals, and molluscicides (thesecategories not necessarily mutually exclusive) for reasons of economy,and synergy.

For more information consult “Compendium of Pesticide Common Names”located at http://www.alanwood.net/pesticides/index.html as of thefiling date of this document. Also consult “The Pesticide Manual”14^(th) Edition, edited by C D S Tomlin, copyright 2006 by British CropProduction Council.

Synergistic Mixtures

The invention disclosed in this document can be used with othercompounds such as the ones mentioned under the heading “Mixtures” toform synergistic mixtures where the mode of action of the compounds inthe mixtures are the same, similar, or different.

Examples of mode of actions include, but are not limited to: acetylcholine esterase inhibitor; sodium channel modulator; chitinbiosynthesis inhibitor; GABA-gated chloride channel antagonist; GABA andglutamate-gated chloride channel agonist; acetyl choline receptoragonist; MET I inhibitor; Mg-stimulated ATPase inhibitor; nicotinicacetylcholine receptor; Midgut membrane disrupter; and oxidativephosphorylation disrupter.

Additionally, the following compounds are known as synergists and can beused with the invention disclosed in this document: piperonyl butoxide,piprotal, propyl isome, sesamex, sesamolin, and sulfoxide.

Formulations

A pesticide is rarely suitable for application in its pure form. It isusually necessary to add other substances so that the pesticide can beused at the required concentration and in an appropriate form,permitting ease of application, handling, transportation, storage, andmaximum pesticide activity. Thus, pesticides are formulated into, forexample, baits, concentrated emulsions, dusts, emulsifiableconcentrates, fumigants, gels, granules, microencapsulations, seedtreatments, suspension concentrates, suspoemulsions, tablets, watersoluble liquids, water dispersible granules or dry flowables, wettablepowders, and ultra low volume solutions.

For further information on formulation types see “Catalogue of pesticideformulation types and international coding system” Technical Monographno 2, 5^(th) Edition by CropLife International (2002).

Pesticides are applied most often as aqueous suspensions or emulsionsprepared from concentrated formulations of such pesticides. Suchwater-soluble, water-suspendable, or emulsifiable formulations, areeither solids, usually known as wettable powders, or water dispersiblegranules, or liquids usually known as emulsifiable concentrates, oraqueous suspensions. Wettable powders, which may be compacted to formwater dispersible granules, comprise an intimate mixture of thepesticide, a carrier, and surfactants. The concentration of thepesticide is usually from about 10% to about 90% by weight. The carrieris usually chosen from among the attapulgite clays, the montmorilloniteclays, the diatomaceous earths, or the purified silicates. Effectivesurfactants, comprising from about 0.5% to about 10% of the wettablepowder, are found among sulfonated lignins, condensednaphthalenesulfonates, naphthalenesulfonates, alkylbenzenesulfonates,alkyl sulfates, and nonionic surfactants such as ethylene oxide adductsof alkyl phenols.

Emulsifiable concentrates of pesticides comprise a convenientconcentration of a pesticide, such as from about 50 to about 500 gramsper liter of liquid dissolved in a carrier that is either a watermiscible solvent or a mixture of water-immiscible organic solvent andemulsifiers. Useful organic solvents include aromatics, especiallyxylenes and petroleum fractions, especially the high-boilingnaphthalenic and olefinic portions of petroleum such as heavy aromaticnaphtha. Other organic solvents may also be used, such as the terpenicsolvents including rosin derivatives, aliphatic ketones such ascyclohexanone, and complex alcohols such as 2-ethoxyethanol. Suitableemulsifiers for emulsifiable concentrates are chosen from conventionalanionic and nonionic surfactants.

Aqueous suspensions comprise suspensions of water-insoluble pesticidesdispersed in an aqueous carrier at a concentration in the range fromabout 5% to about 50% by weight. Suspensions are prepared by finelygrinding the pesticide and vigorously mixing it into a carrier comprisedof water and surfactants. Ingredients, such as inorganic salts andsynthetic or natural gums, may also be added, to increase the densityand viscosity of the aqueous carrier. It is often most effective togrind and mix the pesticide at the same time by preparing the aqueousmixture and homogenizing it in an implement such as a sand mill, ballmill, or piston-type homogenizer.

Pesticides may also be applied as granular compositions that areparticularly useful for applications to the soil. Granular compositionsusually contain from about 0.5% to about 10% by weight of the pesticide,dispersed in a carrier that comprises clay or a similar substance. Suchcompositions are usually prepared by dissolving the pesticide in asuitable solvent and applying it to a granular carrier which has beenpre-formed to the appropriate particle size, in the range of from about0.5 to 3 mm. Such compositions may also be formulated by making a doughor paste of the carrier and compound and crushing and drying to obtainthe desired granular particle size.

Dusts containing a pesticide are prepared by intimately mixing thepesticide in powdered form with a suitable dusty agricultural carrier,such as kaolin clay, ground volcanic rock, and the like. Dusts cansuitably contain from about 1% to about 10% of the pesticide. They canbe applied as a seed dressing, or as a foliage application with a dustblower machine.

It is equally practical to apply a pesticide in the form of a solutionin an appropriate organic solvent, usually petroleum oil, such as thespray oils, which are widely used in agricultural chemistry.

Pesticides can also be applied in the form of an aerosol composition. Insuch compositions the pesticide is dissolved or dispersed in a carrier,which is a pressure-generating propellant mixture. The aerosolcomposition is packaged in a container from which the mixture isdispensed through an atomizing valve.

Pesticide baits are formed when the pesticide is mixed with food or anattractant or both. When the pests eat the bait they also consume thepesticide. Baits may take the form of granules, gels, flowable powders,liquids, or solids. They are use in pest harborages.

Fumigants are pesticides that have a relatively high vapor pressure andhence can exist as a gas in sufficient concentrations to kill pests insoil or enclosed spaces. The toxicity of the fumigant is proportional toits concentration and the exposure time. They are characterized by agood capacity for diffusion and act by penetrating the pest'srespiratory system or being absorbed through the pest's cuticle.Fumigants are applied to control stored product pests under gas proofsheets, in gas sealed rooms or buildings or in special chambers.

Pesticides can be microencapsulated by suspending the pesticideparticles or droplets in plastic polymers of various types. By alteringthe chemistry of the polymer or by changing factors in the processing,microcapsules can be formed of various sizes, solubility, wallthicknesses, and degrees of penetrability. These factors govern thespeed with which the active ingredient within is released, which, inturn, affects the residual performance, speed of action, and odor of theproduct.

Oil solution concentrates are made by dissolving pesticide in a solventthat will hold the pesticide in solution. Oil solutions of a pesticideusually provide faster knockdown and kill of pests than otherformulations due to the solvents themselves having pesticidal action andthe dissolution of the waxy covering of the integument increasing thespeed of uptake of the pesticide. Other advantages of oil solutionsinclude better storage stability, better penetration of crevices, andbetter adhesion to greasy surfaces.

Another embodiment is an oil-in-water emulsion, wherein the emulsioncomprises oily globules which are each provided with a lamellar liquidcrystal coating and are dispersed in an aqueous phase, wherein each oilyglobule comprises at least one compound which is agriculturally active,and is individually coated with a monolamellar or oligolamellar layercomprising: (1) at least one non-ionic lipophilic surface-active agent,(2) at least one non-ionic hydrophilic surface-active agent and (3) atleast one ionic surface-active agent, wherein the globules having a meanparticle diameter of less than 800 nanometers. Further information onthe embodiment is disclosed in U.S. patent publication 20070027034published Feb. 1, 2007, having patent application Ser. No. 11/495,228.For ease of use this embodiment will be referred to as “OIWE”.

For further information consult “Insect Pest Management” 2^(nd) Editionby D. Dent, copyright CAB International (2000). Additionally, for moredetailed information consult “Handbook of Pest Control—The Behavior,Life Histroy, and Control of Household Pests” by Arnold Mallis, 9^(th)Edition, copyright 2004 by GIE Media Inc.

Other Formulation Components

Generally, the invention disclosed in this document when used in aformulation, such formulation can also contain other components. Thesecomponents include, but are not limited to, (this is a non-exhaustiveand non-mutually exclusive list) wetters, spreaders, stickers,penetrants, buffers, sequestering agents, drift reduction agents,compatibility agents, anti-foam agents, cleaning agents, andemulsifiers. A few components are described forthwith.

A wetting agent is a substance that when added to a liquid increases thespreading or penetration power of the liquid by reducing the interfacialtension between the liquid and the surface on which it is spreading.Wetting agents are used for two main functions in agrochemicalformulations: during processing and manufacture to increase the rate ofwetting of powders in water to make concentrates for soluble liquids orsuspension concentrates; and during mixing of a product with water in aspray tank to reduce the wetting time of wettable powders and to improvethe penetration of water into water-dispersible granules. Examples ofwetting agents used in wettable powder, suspension concentrate, andwater-dispersible granule formulations are: sodium lauryl sulphate;sodium dioctyl sulphosuccinate; alkyl phenol ethoxylates; and aliphaticalcohol ethoxylates.

A dispersing agent is a substance which adsorbs onto the surface of aparticles and helps to preserve the state of dispersion of the particlesand prevents them from reaggregating. Dispersing agents are added toagrochemical formulations to facilitate dispersion and suspension duringmanufacture, and to ensure the particles redisperse into water in aspray tank. They are widely used in wettable powders, suspensionconcentrates and water-dispersible granules. Surfactants that are usedas dispersing agents have the ability to adsorb strongly onto a particlesurface and provide a charged or steric barrier to reaggregation ofparticles. The most commonly used surfactants are anionic, non-ionic, ormixtures of the two types. For wettable powder formulations, the mostcommon dispersing agents are sodium lignosulphonates. For suspensionconcentrates, very good adsorption and stabilization are obtained usingpolyelectrolytes, such as sodium naphthalene sulphonate formaldehydecondensates. Tristyrylphenol ethoxylate phosphate esters are also used.Non-ionics such as alkylarylethylene oxide condensates and EO-PO blockcopolymers are sometimes combined with anionics as dispersing agents forsuspension concentrates, In recent years, new types of very highmolecular weight polymeric surfactants have been developed as dispersingagents. These have very long hydrophobic ‘backbones’ and a large numberof ethylene oxide chains forming the ‘teeth’ of a ‘comb’ surfactant.These high molecular weight polymers can give very good long-termstability to suspension concentrates because the hydrophobic backboneshave many anchoring points onto the particle surfaces. Examples ofdispersing agents used in agrochemical formulations are: sodiumlignosulphonates; sodium naphthalene sulphonate formaldehydecondensates; tristyrylphenol ethoxylate phosphate esters; aliphaticalcohol ethoxylates; alky ethoxylates; EO-PO block copolymers; and graftcopolymers.

An emulsifying agent is a substance which stabilizes a suspension ofdroplets of one liquid phase in another liquid phase. Without theemulsifying agent the two liquids would separate into two immiscibleliquid phases. The most commonly used emulsifier blends containalkylphenol or aliphatic alcohol with 12 or more ethylene oxide unitsand the oil-soluble calcium salt of dodecylbenzene sulphonic acid. Arange of hydrophile-lipophile balance (“HLB”) values from 8 to 18 willnormally provide good stable emulsions. Emulsion stability can sometimesbe improved by the addition of a small amount of an EO-PO blockcopolymer surfactant.

A solubilizing agent is a surfactant which will form micelles in waterat concentrations above the critical micelle concentration. The micellesare then able to dissolve or solubilized water-insoluble materialsinside the hydrophobic part of the micelle. The type of surfactantsusually used for solubilization are non-ionics: sorbitan monooleates;sorbitan monooleate ethoxylates; and methyl oleate esters.

Surfactants are sometimes used, either alone or with other additivessuch as mineral or vegetable oils as adjuvants to spray-tank mixes toimprove the biological performance of the pesticide on the target. Thetypes of surfactants used for bioenhancement depend generally on thenature and mode of action of the pesticide. However, they are oftennon-ionics such as: alky ethoxylates; linear aliphatic alcoholethoxylates; aliphatic amine ethoxylates.

A carrier or diluent in an agricultural formulation is a material addedto the pesticide to give a product of the required strength. Carriersare usually materials with high absorptive capacities, while diluentsare usually materials with low absorptive capacities. Carriers anddiluents are used in the formulation of dusts, wettable powders,granules and water-dispersible granules.

Organic solvents are used mainly in the formulation of emulsifiableconcentrates, ULV formulations, and to a lesser extent granularformulations. Sometimes mixtures of solvents are used. The first maingroups of solvents are aliphatic paraffinic oils such as kerosene orrefined paraffins. The second main group and the most common comprisesthe aromatic solvents such as xylene and higher molecular weightfractions of C₉ and C₁₀ aromatic solvents. Chlorinated hydrocarbons areuseful as cosolvents to prevent crystallization of pesticides when theformulation is emulsified into water. Alcohols are sometimes used ascosolvents to increase solvent power.

Thickeners or gelling agents are used mainly in the formulation ofsuspension concentrates, emulsions and suspoemulsions to modify therheology or flow properties of the liquid and to prevent separation andsettling of the dispersed particles or droplets. Thickening, gelling,and anti-settling agents generally fall into two categories, namelywater-insoluble particulates and water-soluble polymers. It is possibleto produce suspension concentrate formulations using clays and silicas.Examples of these types of materials, include, but are limited to,montmorillonite, e.g. bentonite; magnesium aluminum silicate; andattapulgite. Water-soluble polysaccharides have been used asthickening-gelling agents for many years. The types of polysaccharidesmost commonly used are natural extracts of seeds and seaweeds or aresynthetic derivatives of cellulose. Examples of these types of materialsinclude, but are not limited to, guar gum; locust bean gum; carrageenam;alginates; methyl cellulose; sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (SCMC);hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC). Other types of anti-settling agents arebased on modified starches, polyacrylates, polyvinyl alcohol andpolyethylene oxide. Another good anti-settling agent is xanthan gum.

Microorganisms which cause spoilage of formulated products. Thereforepreservation agents are used to eliminate or reduce their effect.Examples of such agents include, but are limited to propionic acid andits sodium salt; sorbic acid and its sodium or potassium salts; benzoicacid and its sodium salt; p-hydroxy benzoic acid sodium salt; methylp-hydroxy benzoate; and 1,2-benzisothiazalin-3-one (BIT).

The presence of surfactants, which lower interfacial tension, oftencauses water-based formulations to foam during mixing operations inproduction and in application through a spray tank. In order to reducethe tendency to foam, anti-foam agents are often added either during theproduction stage or before filling into bottles. Generally, there aretwo types of anti-foam agents, namely silicones and non-silicones.Silicones are usually aqueous emulsions of dimethyl polysiloxane whilethe non-silicone anti-foam agents are water-insoluble oils, such asoctanol and nonanol, or silica. In both cases, the function of theanti-foam agent is to displace the surfactant from the air-waterinterface.

For further information see “Chemistry and Technology of AgrochemicalFormulations” edited by D. A. Knowles, copyright 1998 by Kluwer AcademicPublishers. Also see “Insecticides in Agriculture andEnvironment—Retrospects and Prospects” by A. S. Perry, I. Yamamoto, I.Ishaaya, and R. Perry, copyright 1998 by Springer-Verlag.

Applications

The actual amount of pesticide to be applied to loci of pests is notcritical and can readily be determined by those skilled in the art. Ingeneral, concentrations from about 0.01 grams of pesticide per hectareto about 5000 grams of pesticide per hectare are expected to providegood control.

The locus to which a pesticide is applied can be any locus inhabited byan pest, for example, vegetable crops, fruit and nut trees, grape vines,ornamental plants, domesticated animals, the interior or exteriorsurfaces of buildings, and the soil around buildings.

Generally, with baits, the baits are placed in the ground where, forexample, termites can come into contact with the bait. Baits can also beapplied to a surface of a building, (horizontal, vertical, or slant,surface) where, for example, ants, termites, cockroaches, and flies, cancome into contact with the bait.

Because of the unique ability of the eggs of some pests to resistpesticides repeated applications may be desirable to control newlyemerged larvae.

Systemic movement of pesticides in plants may be utilized to controlpests on one portion of the plant by applying the pesticides to adifferent portion of the plant. For example, control of foliar-feedinginsects can be controlled by drip irrigation or furrow application, orby treating the seed before planting. Seed treatment can be applied toall types of seeds, including those from which plants geneticallytransformed to express specialized traits will germinate. Representativeexamples include those expressing proteins toxic to invertebrate pests,such as Bacillus thuringiensis or other insecticidal toxins, thoseexpressing herbicide resistance, such as “Roundup Ready” seed, or thosewith “stacked” foreign genes expressing insecticidal toxins, herbicideresistance, nutrition-enhancement or any other beneficial traits.Furthermore, such seed treatments with the invention disclosed in thisdocument can further enhance the ability of a plant to better withstandstressful growing conditions. This results in a healthier, more vigorousplant, which can lead to higher yields at harvest time.

The invention disclosed in this document is suitable for controllingendoparasites and ectoparasites in the veterinary medicine sector or inthe field of animal keeping. Compounds according to the invention areapplied here in a known manner, such as by oral administration in theform of, for example, tablets, capsules, drinks, granules, by dermalapplication in the form of, for example, dipping, spraying, pouring on,spotting on, and dusting, and by parenteral administration in the formof, for example, an injection.

The invention disclosed in this document can also be employedadvantageously in livestock keeping, for example, cattle, sheep, pigs,chickens, and geese. Suitable formulations are administered orally tothe animals with the drinking water or feed. The dosages andformulations that are suitable depend on the species.

Before a pesticide can be used or sold commercially, such pesticideundergoes lengthy evaluation processes by various governmentalauthorities (local, regional, state, national, international).Voluminous data requirements are specified by regulatory authorities andmust be addressed through data generation and submission by the productregistrant or by another on the product registrant's behalf. Thesegovernmental authorities then review such data and if a determination ofsafety is concluded, provide the potential user or seller with productregistration approval. Thereafter, in that locality where the productregistration is granted and supported, such user or seller may use orsell such pesticide.

The headings in this document are for convenience only and must not beused to interpret any portion thereof.

What is claimed is:
 1. A process to control pests of the PhylumNematoda, Arthropoda, or both said process comprising applying to alocus a composition having nematodacidal, arthropodacidal, or both,properties said composition comprising a compound having the followingstructure:

wherein R1 is H or C₁-C₆ alkyl; R2 is H or C₁-C₆ alkyl; X is N or CR11;Y is N or CR10; R3 is H, halo, CN, NO₂, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ alkoxy, C₁-C₆alkylthio, C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, C₁-C₆ haloalkoxy, (C═O)O—C₁-C₆ alkyl, orN(R12)(R13); R4 is H, halo, CN, NO₂, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ alkoxy, C₁-C₆alkylthio, C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, C₁-C₆ haloalkoxy, (C═O)O—C₁-C₆ alkyl, orN(R12)(R13); R5 is H, halo, CN, NO₂, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ alkoxy, C₁-C₆alkylthio, C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, C₁-C₆ haloalkoxy, (C═O)O—C₁-C₆ alkyl, orN(R12)(R13); R6 is H, halo, CN, NO₂, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ alkoxy, C₁-C₆alkylthio, C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, C₁-C₆ haloalkoxy, (C═O)O—C₁-C₆ alkyl, orN(R12)(R13); R7 is H, halo, CN, NO₂, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ alkoxy, C₁-C₆alkylthio, C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, C₁-C₆ haloalkoxy, (C═O)O—C₁-C₆ alkyl,N(R12)(R13), O—S(═O)_(n)—C₁-C₆ haloalkyl (where n=0-2), S(═O)_(n)—C₁-C₆haloalkyl (where n=0-2), or SO₂N(R12)(R13); R8 is H, halo, CN, NO₂,C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ alkoxy, C₁-C₆ alkylthio, C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, C₁-C₆haloalkoxy, (C═O)O—C₁-C₆ alkyl, or N(R12)(R13); R9 is H, halo, CN, NO₂,C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ alkoxy, C₁-C₆ alkylthio, C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, C₁-C₆haloalkoxy, (C═O)O—C₁-C₆ alkyl, or N(R12)(R13); R10 is H, halo, CN, NO₂,C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ alkoxy, C₁-C₆ alkylthio, C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, C₁-C₆haloalkoxy, (C═O)O—C₁-C₆ alkyl, or N(R12)(R13); R11 is H, halo, CN, NO₂,C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ alkoxy, C₁-C₆ alkylthio, C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, C₁-C₆haloalkoxy, (C═O)O—C₁-C₆ alkyl, or N(R12)(R13); R12 is H or C₁-C₆ alkyl;R13 is H or C₁-C₆ alkyl; with the following provisos: (a) that compoundswhere R1 is H, R2 is H, Y is CR10 and R10 is CF₃, X is CR11 and R11 isNO2, R7 is CF₃, and R9 is NO₂, are excluded; (b) if Y is N then R5 isnot an H, halo, or C₁-C₄ alkyl; (c) if X is CR11 and one of R9 or R11 isNO₂ then Y is not N.
 2. A process according to claim 1 wherein R1 is H,methyl, or ethyl; R2 is H, methyl, or ethyl; X is N or CR11; Y is N orCR10; R3 is H, halo, CN, or NO₂; R4 is H, halo, or C₁-C₂ haloalkyl; R5is H, halo, CN, NH₂, C₁-C₂ alkyl, C₁-C₂ alkylthio, or C₁-C₂ haloalkyl;R6 is H; R7 is H, halo, CN, NO₂, C₁-C₆ alkoxy, C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, orSO₂NH₂; R8 is H, NO₂, or NH₂; R9 is H, halo, or NO₂; R10 is H, halo, CN,NO₂, or C₁-C₆ haloalkyl; R11 is H, halo, NO₂, C₁-C₂ alkoxy.
 3. A processaccording to claim 1 wherein R1 is H, or methyl; R2 is H; X is N orCR11; Y is N or CR10; R3 is H, Cl, or CN; R4 is H, or CF₃; R5 is H, CF₃,SCH₃, Cl, or CN; R6 is H; R7 is H, CF₃, C₁, SO₂NH₂, NO₂, or CN; R8 is Hor NH₂; R9 is H or Cl; R10 is H, Cl, or CF₃; R11 is H, C₁, NO₂, OCH₃;with the following provisos: (b) if Y is N then R5 is not an H, or halo;(c) if X is CR11 and one of R9 or R11 is NO₂ then Y is not N.
 4. Aprocess according to claim 1 wherein said pest is in the SubphylumChelicerata.
 5. A process according to claim 1 wherein said pest is inthe Class Arachnida.
 6. A process according to claim 1 wherein said pestis in the Subphylum Myriapoda.
 7. A process according to claim 1 whereinsaid pest is in the Class Symphyla.
 8. A process according to claim 1wherein said pest is in the Subphylum Hexapoda.
 9. A process accordingto claim 1 wherein said pest is in Class Insecta.
 10. A processaccording to claim 1 wherein said pest is in Coleoptera.
 11. A processaccording to claim 1 wherein said pest is in Dermaptera.
 12. A processaccording to claim 1 wherein said pest is in Dictyoptera.
 13. A processaccording to claim 1 wherein said pest is in Diptera.
 14. A processaccording to claim 1 wherein said pest is in Hemiptera.
 15. A processaccording to claim 1 wherein said pest is in Hymenoptera.
 16. A processaccording to claim 1 wherein said pest is in Isoptera.
 17. A processaccording to claim 1 wherein said pest is in Lepidoptera.
 18. A processaccording to claim 1 wherein said pest is in Mallophaga.
 19. A processaccording to claim 1 wherein said pest is in Orthoptera.
 20. A processaccording to claim 1 wherein said pest is in Phthiraptera.
 21. A processaccording to claim 1 wherein said pest is in Siphonaptera.
 22. A processaccording to claim 1 wherein said pest is in Thysanoptera.
 23. A processaccording to claim 1 wherein said pest is in Thysanura.
 24. A processaccording to claim 1 wherein said pest is in Acarina.
 25. A processaccording to claim 1 wherein said pest is in Nematoda.
 26. A processaccording to claim 1 wherein said pest is in Symphyla.